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Overcoming China’s dominance in gallium will not be easy

Substituting one mineral for another takes time and money

Gallium, used in smartphones, radar kit and much in between, punches way above its weight. Selling for pennies above production costs, many producers outside of Asia bowed out of the metal at the end of the noughties when China began expanding capacity. China now controls 98 per cent of primary low-purity gallium production, according to the US Geological Survey. Buyers in the rest of the world were left reeling when Beijing imposed export controls last year.

That has sparked a near-doubling of gallium prices in Europe and constrained access to a key mineral for chips with civil and military applications.

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