In the 2007-08 crisis, many different kinds of financial institution failed or were saved only by state intervention. Large financial conglomerates – Citigroup and Royal Bank of Scotland. Investment banks – Bear Stearns and Lehman. Smaller retail banks without investment banking arms (but with active treasuries) – Northern Rock and Sachsen Landesbank. Diversified banks, such as Fortis, and specialist lenders, such as Hypo RE. Public agencies, such as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. America's largest insurer, AIG. Taxpayers will be footing the bills for a generation.
在2007-08年的危机中，许多各不相同的金融机构要么倒闭，要么只是靠政府干预才得以保全。它们包括：大型综合性金融集团，如花旗集团(Citigroup)和苏格兰皇家银行(RBS)；投资银行，如贝尔斯登(Bear Stearns)和雷曼兄弟(Lehman)；没有投行部门但积极参与国债业务的小型零售银行，如北岩银行(Northern Rock)和Sachsen Landesbank；多样化经营的银行，如富通集团(Fortis)；专业放贷机构，如Hypo RE；公共机构，如房利美(Fannie Mae)和房地美(Freddie Mac)；以及美国最大的保险公司美国国际集团(AIG)。支付相关纾困费用，需要纳税人整整一代人的时间。