For more than 2,000 years, the Chinese political system has been built around a highly sophisticated centralised bureaucracy, which has run what has always been a vast society through top-down methods. What China never developed was a rule of law; an independent legal institution that would limit the discretion of the government. What the Chinese substituted for formal checks on power was a bureaucracy bound by rules and customs that made its behaviour reasonably predictable, and a Confucian moral system that educated leaders to look to public interests rather than their own aggrandisement. This system is, in essence, the same one that operates today, with the Communist party taking the role of emperor.
2000多年来，manbetx3.0 政治体制的基础一直是高度复杂的中央集权的官僚体制，这个官僚体制一直通过自上而下的方式管理着一个庞大的社会。manbetx3.0 从未建立起法治——可以限制政府的自由裁量权的独立法律制度。manbetx3.0 没有建立起正式的权力制衡机制，取而代之的是一个受各种规定及惯例约束的官僚体制，以及儒家道德体系。规定和惯例让官僚体制的行为可以合理预测，儒家道德体系则教育领导人要考虑公共利益，而不能只顾个人权势膨胀。今天运行的体制在本质上也是如此，皇帝的角色由共产党充任。