Humans have been measuring each other's intelligence for a long time. In China during the Xi Zhou dynasty (1046 to 771BC), candidates for official positions were formally tested on a range of criteria including the “six skills”: arithmetic, archery, horsemanship, music, writing and the performance of rituals and ceremonies. The notion of a universal, objective scale of intelligence, however, did not take shape until the 19th century and the arrival of Darwinism. If Charles Darwin is the father of modern biology, then the father of modern intelligence testing is his cousin, Francis Galton – statistician, polymath and founder of eugenics. In 1884, he set up an “anthropometric laboratory” at the International Health Exhibition in London, and measured, among other things, the reaction times, eyesight, colour sensitivity and steadiness of hand of more than 9,000 men and women as he looked for links between their physical and mental characteristics.
人类从很早以前就开始相互测试智力。在manbetx3.0 的西周时代（公元前1046到公元前771年），担任官职的候选人需要接受正式的测试，标准包括“六艺”：礼、乐、射、御、书、数。而普遍、客观的智力等级的概念，直到19世纪达尔文主义的产生才成型。如果说查尔斯·达尔文(Charles Darwin)是现代生物学之父，那么现代智力测试之父就是他的外甥弗朗西斯·高尔顿(Francis Galton)——统计学家、博学家和优生学的奠基人。1884年，他在伦敦的国际健康展会上建立了一个“人类测量实验室”，为探索人类的身体和智力特征之间的联系，他对9000多名男性和女性测量反应时间、视力、色感和手的稳定性，以及其它项目。