法国

The French Elite: Where it Went Wrong
法国精英统治为何失灵?


FT专栏作家库柏:法国的精英阶层号称对所有智力过人者敞开大门,但事实上,该阶层已成为一个世袭制阶层,他们打着“友谊”的旗号互利互惠。

The French Stalinist Maurice Thorez spent the second world war in Moscow, where he called himself “Ivanov”. When France was liberated, he came home and entered government. After Charles de Gaulle stepped down as French leader in 1946, Thorez picked up one of the general's pet projects: the creation of a school, the Ecole Nationale d'Administration, to train the new republic's top bureaucrats. This caste, Thorez must have thought, was the “vanguard of the proletariat” that Lenin had always talked about. ENA has since produced countless members of the French political and financial elite, culminating in President Francois Hollande.

二战期间,法国斯大林主义者莫里斯•多列士(Maurice Thorez) 化名“伊万诺夫”(Ivanov),呆在莫斯科。法国解放之后,多列士回国,并进入政府任职。夏尔•戴高乐(Charles de Gaulle) 1946年辞职下野之后,多列士接手了戴高乐将军钟爱的一项工作:创建一所大学,即国家行政学院(Ecole Nationale d'Administration,简称ENA),为新的共和国培养高级官僚。多列士当时肯定认为,这个群体正是列宁(Lenin)当年一直在说的“工人阶级先锋队”。自成立以来,法国国家行政学院为法国培养出无数政界和商界精英,现任法国总统弗朗索瓦•奥朗德(Francois Hollande)是他们中成就最高的一个。

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